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Similar but attenuated blood flow increases occurs during anxiety attacks.ĭestructive lesions such as ablation of the amygdala cause an effect opposite to the irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy. PET scans have shown an increase in blood flow to the parahippocampal gyri, beginning with the right parahippocampal gyrus. Panic attacks are brief spontaneously recurrent episodes of terror that generate a sense of impending disaster without a clearly identifiable cause. In its extreme form irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy can cause a panic attack. Irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy have the effect of stimulating the amygdala. Stimulation of the amygdala causes intense emotion, such as aggression or fear. The central nucleus of the amygdala also produces conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and prefrontal cortex. The central nucleus of the amygdala produces autonomic components of emotion (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem. The stria terminalis also projects to the habenula, which is part of the epithalamus. Just as in the case of the two hippocampi communicating with each other through the anterior commissure, the two amygdala communicate with each other through the anterior commissure. Whereas the postcommissural branch of the fornix projects to mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, the postcommissural branch of the stria terminalis projects to the lateral nucleus and ventral-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus.Īs with the fornix, some fibers enter anterior commissure cross to the contralateral side. The postcommissural branch goes to the hypothalamus. The precommissural branch goes to the septal area. Like the fornix, the stria terminalis has precommissural and postcommissural branches in relation to the anterior commissure. The stria terminalis overlaps with the ventral amygdalofugal pathway in that it also connects to the septal nuclei and hypothalamus and thus forms a loop.(Connection to cortical structures is through the ventral amygdalofugal pathway.) The stria terminalis connects only to subcortical structures.Stria is a Latin word that means line, groove, or band. Thus by way of analogy one can say that the stria terminalis is to the amygdala as the fornix is to the hippocampus. The stria terminalis is similar in form, function, and location as the fornix for the hippocampal pathway.That is where responses are associated with appetitive and aversive consequences that is rewards and punishers. In this case this is the link whereby associative learning takes place. It is also a link whereby responses are learned. The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is important because it is a link whereby motivation and drives, through the limbic system, can influence responses. The ventral amygdalofugal pathway also connects to the hypothalamus and septal nucleus, but the amygdala's major connection to the hypothalamus and septal nucleus is through the stria terminalis. Projections from the ventral striatum are links in a basal ganglia circuit that are important in stimulus-response associative learning. The ventral striatum includes part of the caudate, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens septi (nucleus that reclines on the septum). This pathway continues to the anterior olfactory nucleus, anterior perforated substance, piriform cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum. The term "fugal" comes from the word fuge-to drive away-as in fugitive. Directly to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.Outputs or efferents from the amygdala via the stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathway, and direct pathways.Ħ.3 Major Output Pathways of the Amygdala This is a full offline installer standalone setup for Windows Operating System. 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One doesn’t need to know about the artist’s commitment to ecological issues to intuit her empathy for the environment–it’s there to see in the paintings. Hettmansperger’s meditations on natural history are, in fact, earnest and felt. Her work is bereft of the superficiality that tends to characterize art labeled as such. It would be misleading to pigeonhole Hettmansperger’s paintings as post-modern. Sue Hettmansperger, Untitled (2009-2010), oil on linen, 27″ x 30″ courtesy A.I.R. Her’s is an art of diversity and intrigue, not concision. Hettmansperger’s work deepens the mystery of nature while, paradoxically, displaying its constituent parts in an almost mathematical manner. Yet the natural world, however dissected and classified, remains autonomous and bewildering. It’s as if the artist were daring us to add up the images in order to clarify their mutual ambiguity. In another, a sketchy linear network–is it a map or a human organ?–nudges against an insect-like form which coasts precariously toward the viewer. In one painting, a plant-like biomorph bobs alongside an amorphous field and an array of brushstrokes suggesting cellular architecture. We “read” the paintings in a piecemeal manner, taking in each shape individually. In the work, clusters of objects are laid out for us, setting up a kind of 1-2-3 dialogue between forms. Even when the compositions are chock full, as in her drawing installations, Hettmansperger’s particulars have elbowroom. Hettmansperger’s paintings are democratic presentations of imagery, with each component given its own iconographic emphasis. There they commingle and fluctuate, slowly disclosing an (at times fleeting) interconnectedness. Her forms are transposed, if not entirely divorced, from their pedagogical context and placed into an enveloping and slightly ominous space. (Among the artist’s inspirations is the sixteenth century anatomist Vesalius.) Yet Hettmansperger’s paintings aren’t merely inventories. The analytical aspect of the imagery is patent: there is in the work a satisfaction taken in the step-by-step cataloguing of natural phenomena. The elements of Hettmansperger’s pictorial vocabulary–a cross section of bronchial tubes, for instance, of the leaves of a plant–bring to mind illustrations from technical charts and textbooks. Her paintings are shifting conglomerations of flora, fauna, microscopic lifeforms, human anatomy and cartographic diagrams. In the art of Sue Hettmansperger, the natural world is evoked both as a scientific discipline and an ecological conundrum. Sue Hettmansperger, Untitled (2011), oil on linen, 30″ x 27″ courtesy A.I.R. We have provided direct link full setup of the game. 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The party leadership in the House has been there a long time. The Democrats in the House have a good chance of being in the majority when November 9 th arrives, but they also have their political divisions. The centrists were recently seen attempting to discharge a bill to move action on DACA children, but the alt-right snarled at them and the centrists went away. There is also a group referred to as Republican “centrists,” whose members are generally in sync with others in the caucus except when their suburban-based seats are threatened by the policy preferences of the alt-right group. But it can’t, because the alt-right Freedom Caucus controls enough votes to block anything it desires. The Republican caucus in the House has theoretically a large enough majority to push through anything it wants. Paul Ryan is leaving for one or two reasons: (1) the House is ungovernable and/or (2) the House will be controlled by the Democrats come January. Gerrymandered districts electing extremists have set up a system for failure. Over the past twelve years there have been four Speakers, and there will be a fifth one next January. Take a look at the House of Representatives as an example of how depressingly screwed up things are. We won’t be singing “kumbaya” together for a while. We are at the moment a very long way away from peace and harmony in this country. Like it or not, we are also in the midst of a very momentous legal investigation involving multiple people at the highest levels of government, and those activities remain to play out.Ī number of local churches and other places of worship have taken recently to displaying lawn signs that say something like “we don’t all need to think alike to like one another.” Let that thought sink in for a moment. We are in the middle of what will likely prove to be a very momentous mid-term election, certainly one of the most significant political cycles that this country has ever seen. Unfortunately, the president of the United States has encouraged such behavior and made it acceptable to many people. It runs counter to what this country is supposed to be about. But being rude, crude and insulting, if I may suggest my position on things, is not the American way. If that sort of thing – being rude, crude, and insulting – is okay with you, then I will forgive you for reading no further into this post. We all know who those people are because we have heard the insults continuously for three years now. I won’t go through the laundry list of people who the man in the White House has belittled, called names, attacked or mocked. Trump prides himself on being “politically incorrect,” but in fact he is being extremely politically correct – to the third or so of the country who comprise his beloved base. I know my Republican friends are going to turn off on what I am about to write, but by far, more than anyone, Donald Trump is most responsible for the sorry state we find ourselves in at the moment. Sanders’ father, Mike Huckabee, sends out a tweet with a picture of some gang members with captioning indicating that it is a picture of House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi’s campaign staff.Īre any of these things acceptable in a civil society? Is one incident worse than another, or are they all equally sad and reprehensible? Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen is harassed in a restaurant.īut then Congressmen Steve King spews venom with every word he utters. White House spokesperson Sarah Huckabee Sanders is asked to leave a restaurant. Unfortunately the expressions of our tribalism are spilling out into the open an awful lot these days. It is a strange development, since there are so many things like cross border economies, personal contacts, and mutual interests that should draw people together. We are mostly gathering personally or through social media into tribes of all sorts – political, religious, and racial. The word of the day or the month or the year is tribalism. The Vietnam era? The great depression? The civil war? It’s hard to find a precedent in our history. To say that things are getting crazy in this country is certainly an understatement. Regarding customer relationships, PayPal is basically self-service, without interaction with the company’s team. Moreover, there are the PayPal mobile app, as well as Venmo and Xoom, two mobile payment subsidiaries. The main channel is PayPal’s website, where the customer has most of the transactions. Merchants are the businesses that accept payments, both online and offline. Consumers are the individuals who shop, send and receive money. Now, let’s take a look at the elements of the PayPal Business Model: PayPal’s Customer SegmentsĪs PayPal is a two-sided platform, there are two customer segments, consumers and merchants. Submit & Download DOWNLOAD HIGH-RESOLUTION PDF OF THE PAYPAL BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS PayPal owns other companies, such as Braintree, Xoom, and Venmo, that add value and revenue sources to the company. It is an offline mobile application and card reader, that allows you to receive payments from any kind of card. But, for any other conditions, the annual percentage rate is 19.99%, counting from the posting date. If you use a credit of $99 or more, paid fully within 6 months, you don’t pay for it. PayPal offers some solutions in association with Xero and Woo Commerce, and the company earns an affiliate commission on that. The larger the percentage allocated, the lower the fee. There are no interests and the fee is fixed, and the payments are made as a percentage of PayPal sales. You can borrow up to 15% of the last 12 months of sales (up to $85,000). Moreover, PayPal charges a fee of $0.10 for credit card payments and offers other optional features, such as fraud protection, recurring billing, and buyer authentication. There is a free plan, by which the customer enters the payment details on a page hosted by PayPal, and there is a premium option, at a cost of $25 per month, by which the user may design their checkout page. Payflow is the gateway the merchant accounts can integrate into their websites. The money kept in PayPal is deposited in liquid investments, that provide interests as revenue. Also, the company charges a fee for each time you withdraw money with your debit card. In the USA, the fee is 2.9% of the total received, plus $0.30. You can receive money through a custom link, but PayPal will charge you when you withdraw the amount. The Payment Pro-business accounts have some special resources and services, at a cost of $30 per month. When receiving payments from different countries, PayPal charges fees that include currency conversation costs besides the international payment fee-fees also vary according to the currency. PayPal’s mission statement is “ To democratize financial services to ensure that everyone, regardless of background or economic standing, has access to affordable, convenient and secure products and services to take control of their financial lives“. Holdings, PayPal Payments Pte Limited) and subsidiaries (Braintree, Paydiant, Honey, Venmo, PayPal Credit, Xoom Corporation, Zettle, Tradera) and has John Donahoe as the company’s current Chairman, with Dan Schulman as its current President and CEO. has many divisions (PayPal Inc., PayPal Pte. Capital loan: A daily payable loan with a lower fee than banks.Credit: You are able to get a no-interest credit of $99 - or even more, if the payment is entirely finished within six months.Debit card: A PayPal debit card works just like any other bank, so it can be used to shop (online or offline), withdraw money, and earn rewards over your purchases. Payment gateway: With a business account, you can sell online and offline and receive payments via PayPal.Money transfer: You are able to transfer money to more than 200 countries and over 100 currencies, both to and from a bank account or a PayPal account.One-Touch: PayPal technology allows you to save login details on your personal device, so you can check out websites without even typing your username and password.Digital wallet: You can save and access details of your debit and credit cards through your PayPal account, being able to shop and transfer money simply via PayPal ID and password.With these high figures, PayPal went public in 2002 and was acquired by eBay not much longer later. And in the summer of 2001, it exploded to nine million users and over 120,000 transactions every day. Within only eight months, the company grew from 12,000 to 2.7 million accounts. Any customer could just open an account online, and either deposit money or link it to a bank or credit card account. The great advantage of PayPal’s business model was using the dollar as an exchange currency and e-mail as a transfer medium. Instead of fighting for the market, both merged, grew, and took over the industry. Back then, Confinity had a strong competitor, X.com, founded by Elon Musk. PayPal was founded in 1998 and launched one year later, as a money transfer system of Confinity. Targeted exercises, stretches, and education can help your body learn to sit and stand correctly! How will posture relieve my back pain? Thankfully in most cases the damage can be reversed by physical therapy. Sitting hunched over can cause excess stress and can eventually lead to damage of your spinal discs, muscles, joints and the nerves and blood vessels traveling through your spine. Decreasing risk of anatomical changesĭid you know that the ways in which you use your spine can actually cause changes in your anatomy? It’s true. The more flexible you get, the stronger you’ll be, and the less likely you are to suffer from nagging back pain every day. The work you do and the effort you put in with your physical therapist to achieve your goal will lead to greater overall fitness. According to the Mayo Clinic, “correct posture can boost your productivity and mood, as well as help you use your muscles more efficiently.” It might take time in physical therapy to gain the strength and flexibility you need to keep ideal posture and spinal alignment. If you haven’t had good posture for a long period of time anyways, it’s probably best to assume that learning to maintain it isn’t going to be the easiest thing to do. This will also minimize your risk of developing back pain from these activities. Improving your overall posture will lessen the wear and tear you put on your spine every day. In physical therapy, your therapist will teach you how to maintain good posture during sports and everyday activities such as running or walking. Most of the time when we hear the term “good posture” we think of how we sit or stand, but good posture is important in everything we do! Discovering proper posture for everyday tasks It might seem like a daunting task, but as your physical therapist guides you through the different physical therapy exercises and techniques that help with maintaining good posture, you will improve at keeping the alignment required for proper circulation. There are many components of your spine that require proper circulation to operate the right way and to reform from daily wear and tear. Maintaining the proper spinal alignment means that your veins will not be as constricted by pressure on your vertebrae. They will be able to show you how to properly lift things, and also guide you through exercises to hold the right posture. If you lift and fail to use good posture, there is a much higher risk that you will hurt your back.Īsk your physical therapist how to maintain proper posture while lifting. Good posture is a critical component of lifting objects without hurting yourself. If you constantly lift heavy objects, you definitely need to make sure you have good posture! Some PT strategies to help you prevent back pain by developing a healthy posture are as follows: 1. To arrange an appointment with a physical therapist, contact our office today! Let our clinic assist you in exploring the benefits of physical therapy for back pain. It could be because of poor posture if you’re enduring back pain. Your physical trainer will help you appreciate the meaning of it and give you the education you need to ensure that every day you maintain excellent posture. In showing patients how to exercise good posture, physical therapists are excellent. In fact, sitting and standing with good spinal alignment can help reduce back pain. However, we know that good posture goes beyond looks and confidence as we grow older. We all rolled our eyes back then, as this demand seemed irritating. As adolescents, many of us can recall our parents and teachers telling us that good posture was the secret to good health later in life! Most people are unable to sit and stand up straight. Improve Your Posture and Relieve Your Pain with Physical Therapy! Only this time it’s not about the outlines, but about the interpolations, creating those outlines. With fonts becoming variable, the same problem just arose again. The major challenge of type design in the 20th century was how straight lines could become curves. This talk will include discussion of the design process behind collaborating with Adidas, the production headaches and surprises associated with new technology, and the final payoff of seeing the fonts used in exciting ways.Īkiem Helmling, Sami Kortemäki (Underware) - TypeCon The next iteration of the project includes Adineue PRO variable, based on the geometric Adidas brand font. In 2017 they started the first Adidas Variable Font, Adineue CHOP variable: an octagonal “athletic” sans in a wide range of weights from hairline to black, and widths from extra-condensed to extra-wide. MCKL founder Jeremy Mickel will tell the story of his long collaboration with Adidas, which started in 2012 and includes the 2015 expansion of the Adineue PRO family. These fonts are being used across a wide spectrum of applications, including Creative Direction, Product Design, Graphics, Communications, Digital Experiences, and the brand campaign for the upcoming World Cup. Adidas has partnered with MCKL to create an innovative suite of variable fonts. This is likely due to limited support in design programs, confusion about how the format can be used, and typical lag between the introduction of new technology and widespread adoption. Variable Fonts show great promise for the future of typography, but have had few commercial applications. T1 - Prefrontal responses to digit span memory phases in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) These deactivations in PTSD patients might implicate an active inhibition of dorsolateral prefrontal neural activity during retrieval of working memory.", This deactivation was more pronounced in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the retrieval phase. The PTSD participants, but not the controls, appeared to suppress prefrontal activity during memory retrieval. In contrast, the veterans with PTSD were found to have activations during the encoding process, but followed by distinct deactivations during the retrieval process. The healthy controls showed robust hemodynamic activations during the encoding and retrieval processes. An event-related experimental design was utilized to dissociate the different phases (i.e., encoding, maintenance and retrieval) of working memory. Multichannel functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was utilized to measure prefrontal cortex hemodynamic activations during memory of neutral (i.e., not trauma-related) forward and backward digit span tasks. In this study, the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in working memory phases was assessed among veterans with PTSD and age-/gender-matched healthy controls. However, most studies have used block designs and could not dissociate the multiple phases of working memory. These deactivations in PTSD patients might implicate an active inhibition of dorsolateral prefrontal neural activity during retrieval of working memory.Ībstract = "Neuroimaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related memory impairments have consistently implicated abnormal activities in the frontal and parietal lobes. Neuroimaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related memory impairments have consistently implicated abnormal activities in the frontal and parietal lobes. |
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